Chinese translation service finds that many metaphorical tenors represent features of a specific nation such as living habit, conventional customs, regional climate, literary quotation. These may seem strange to people in anther culture and it is unlikely for them to figure out the implicatures of the vehicle. Somethimes the vehicle of metaphor in English doesn’t have the equivalent image in target language, even if there are shared vehicles, the meaning could vary from culture to culture. Under this circumstance, both translating word for word or completely abandoning the original image won’t receive the satisfactory result. When the metaphor in source language cannot be metaphor domain in the taget language, translators could first metaphrase the original vehicle and then add explanation of the ground in order to smooth away the abrupruptness.Explanation of ground can be a statement or a illustration. In this way, the image of vehicle and meaning of metaphor in source language can be reserved as possible, which is also called reservation of image.

Omission as atranslation strategy is ofen used in Chinese-English translation of political documents, and in most cases it is used to achieve the effect of succinctness—avord unnecessary repetition. “It is generally  employed in three circumstances: 1)redundant words in original Chinese, such as unnecessary repetion and wordy in the cintest of the English version or the original meaning obviously shown in the English version without further elaboration”.

Thranslation is a process of communication between two language commnities and a tool for communication, with the purpose of promoting the progress of politics,economy and culture of language community, with the task of inaptly expressing the logic and art images of the real world contained in the source text from one language to another. Chinese translation service thought simply speaking, translation is a way of giving information. It is to express information in a foreign language instead of using the speaker’s native language .So, as a cross-language and cross-cultural activity , translation is quite different from communication in mono-language situation !In the process of translation ,space and time arise, and translator takes part in the activity, as a mediator.It includes the author of source text, translator and readers of translated version. According to Grice,s cooperative principle, the relationship between them can be summarized as: the author of source text—the Four Maxims-translator-readers of translated version. In such process of communication,Grice’s Four Maxims seem to be more important. And translated version becomes a crucial part of communication, and it must also follow Grice’s Four Maxims: the quantity of information should suit readers of translated version; the information of source text should be correctly conveyed; its context should be rigorous and coherent; it should be expressed clealy and correctly.

   English  sentences  always  have   their subjects  except  for  imperative  sentences? but  Chinese  sentences  can  have no subject?This is  an  important  difference  between  the  two  languages?Therefore?passive—voice  English  sentences can   convert   into  subjectless Chinese sentences when it is not necessary to tell readers the agent of an action?As a rule? a passive-voice English sentence without a by—agent but with a modal verb can be translated into a subjectless sentence?(Wrongs must be righted when they are discovered) means ??????????.The subjects in the main clause and the subordinate clause of the original English sentence are the same.So when this English sentence is translated into a subjectless Chinese sentence??? serves as both the object of ?? and ?? ?Two more examples?1)Great eforts should be made to inform young people especially the dreadful consequences of taking up the habit????????????????????????????????2)Smokers must be warned that doctors have reached the conclusion that smoking increase the possibility of lung cancer?????????????????????????????.As is shown in the

translation ofthe two sentences?we can convert the subjects of the original English sentence into the  objects of subjectless Chinese sentences?and place them behindthepredicateverbs?

     Frequently? we meet many passive patterns when we do translations?Therefore?having a good command of them is easy for us to deal with them?1)It is said that ??????;2)It is well known that ????;  3)It is hoped that???????;4)It is believed that?????????;5)It is reported that???;6)It is learned that?????????There are an  abundance of such kind of expressions having passive meaning?In our dailylife?we may meet them often?and we should accumulate them attentively?So?when do the translation of this kind,we can dealwith them easily?

    We should pay attention to the methods of translation .

current  state of the art in order to establish some possible guidelines for the way forward?And whilst I shall be doing so from a predominantly European perspective?I also intend to consider examples and comments from educators around the world?With regard to China in particular?It is important to learn from these insights  without necessarily copying  the techniques involved or repeating mistakes that have been made elsewhere?

     Translation has variously been referred to as ‘the poor relation of language teaching’and ‘the last refuge of the foreign language teacher’ but also as ‘the most important channel of intercultural dialogue’?It may be defined as ‘a craft consisting in the attempt to replace a written message and?or statement in one language by the same message and?or statement in another language’or as ‘the task of communicating across cultures’.But however you define?you can tignore it.For the simple reason that learners are to some degree

translators?In most cases?students? especially at adult and tertiary level?learn largely by translating what they read and hear into their own langu age?regardless of what the teacher does?With the exception of absolute beginners?all students possess a familiarity with at least two languages and quickly become accustomed to negotiating meaning between them?Types of translation:now it might be helpful at this juneture to point out that there are several different types of chinese translation service?as the following list shows?although it is far from exhaustive?? Semantic  ? Legal?Communicative?Literary?Cognitive  ?Medical? Scientific ?Equivalent ?Natural

?Transferential(???) ?Literal?Transcriptive(???)? Primary? Referential? Transpositional ? Secondary? Technical     

      ln other words?the use of translation as an aid  to teaching is not an outmoded technique that we should cosign to the dustbin of the past?On the contrary,the use of guided translation in the ELT classroom,whether that classroom is a real—world one or a virtual one,is a valuable resource that needs  fine-tuning and expanding to become a TECHNIQUE OF THE FUTURE?

    The renowned corpus linguist Douglas Biber claims that the representation is to what extent the corpora includes the variable scopes of population?He points out that the precondition of r epresentation is to define the target population?The definition?as he considers?has two aspects?The first aspect is to set up the boundaries of population?i?e?what texts should be included in the target population and what texts should be  excluded out of the target population?The other aspect is to establish the intemal structures of population?i?e?what type oftexts should be included and be defined in the target population. Any discipline has its specific research objects?What are the objects of CTS?then?Generally speaking?there are two main schools in translation circle?The first school lies of a series of equivalent modes?and the objects are therefore texts that reach the requirements of equivalent modes?It can be obviously seen that?despite how many types the equivalent modes are classified into?there must be a large number of texts excluded from translation studies because they are not satisfy with the requirements?The other school considers that translation is what is presented or considered as texts translated in the target culture in spite of whatever purposes?This view has undoubtedly enlarged the objects of translation studies?A text?as long as it is regarded as a translation?can be treated as the object of studies?Though the second school is currently the mainstream of CTS?the first school has still a considerabIe influence?The translation studies scholars of the two schools are far from agreement in the objects of studies?

      The CTS methodology is an important issue? Toury pointed out in 1 995 there were no statistical approaches applied in the studies of norms and even no sampling rules provided in the practical research.Toury therefore suggested that researchers should devote more energy to the advancement of methodology? His sugestion is still valuable even today?To better solve the issue of representation of corpora? a better methodology is needed if CTS tends to avoid the“empty,unnecessary quantitative studies”.It has influenced

chinese translation service.

      Machine translation evaluation has always been a key and open problem?Various evaluation methods exist to answer either of the two questions?(1)How can you tell if a ma chine translation system is“good”?And(2)How can you tell which of two machine translation systems is“better”?Most evaluations are manually fulfilled which tend to be time consuming and inconsistent?Automatic methods give broadly studied an d implemented using different heuristics?Jones utilises linguistic information such as balance of parse trees?N-grams and semantic co-occurrence as indicators of translation quality?Brew compares human rankings and automatic measures to decide the translation quality?whose criteria involve word frequency?POS tagging distribution and other text features?Yokoyama proposes a two-way MT based evaluation method?Which compares output Japanese sentences with the original Japanese sentence for the word identification?the correctness of the modification?the syntactic dependency and the parataxis?Yu designs a test suite consisting of sentences with various test points?The machine translation result is compared with the gold standard to decide the quality?

     There give many other valuable reports on automatic evaluation?All the evaluation methods show the wisdom of authors in their utilisation of available tools and resources for automatic evaluation tasks?For our localization-oriented lexicalised EBMT system?an automatic eva1uation module is implemented ?Some string similarity criteria are taken as heuristics?Experimental results show that this method is useful in quality feedback for the development of the EBMT system?Six ma chine translation systems give utilised to test the consistency between the automatic method and human evaluation.T0 avoid stochastic errors?significance test and linear correlation are calculated?Compared with previous works?0urs is special in the following ways?(1)It is developed for localization-oriented EBMT?which demands higher translation quality?(2)Statistical measures are introduced to verify the significance of the experiments?Chinese translation service finds that Linear regression provides a bridge between the gap between human and automatic scorings for systems?

            My point is not to say that my research methodology is better or worse than any other approach to the study of translation?rather?Chinese translation service suggests that translation studies scholars need to be continually open to interdisciplinary innovations and scholarship from countries from around the world?Theo Hermans talked about those pioneering days of translation studies in Europe with an openness and an excitement that I am beginning to feel again?as scholars from various disciplines and from different parts of the world exchange ideas?case studies?and research models?such as the increasing exchange of ideas between Chinese and Western translation scholars?I am not sure exactly where the field of translation studies is heading?but I like the feel of the energy and commitment?Such a global view and interdisciplinary connections cannot but help scholars gain new insights into the nature of translation and how it impacts everyday lives?

           While translation studies in Europe during the eighties and nineties was dominated by the central branch of Holmes’s model-the descriptive branch-in the United States just the opposite occurred?the two other branches-the theory and practice arms-saw significant growth? In March 2004 , translation studies scholars held the second conference of the American Translation Studies Association(ATSA)at the University of Massachusetts Amherst?which drew over l 20 scholars from a variety of backgrounds and disciplines?The new field is still trying to discover who the scholars working in translation are?what their backgrounds and disciplines are?and how to best forge a new scholarly organization?In the United States?thus?the very definition of the field is an open and tentative one?drawing largely upon international definitions and interdisciplinary investigations?

           Chinese translation service could argue that other disciplines are pushing translation studies to develop more quickly? International business?for example?is particularly pressing?Business leaders urge the field to develop in a useful?practical direction that can help open markets abroad?Many issues such as price?quality?speed?layout?function?and assessment are being pressured by business interests?This has in turn led to further interdisciplinary connections to information technology and computer tools?including translation memory and terminology databases?

           While I am less familiar with translation in China?I have done research on translation occurrences in the Americas particularly the United States?If any finding is characteristic of translation in the United States?it is that there is an overwhelming lack of conformity in translation?mistranslations?pseudotranslations?gaps contradictions?accidents?numerous shifts both conscious and unconscious?ideological constraints?and economic constraints seem to be a significant part of the process?all of which cloud and confuse the“visible”data?Many translations take place out of sight of mainstream culture?sometimes smuggled into official discourse and?more often than not?self-effacing and disappearing to avoid scrutiny by the often monolingual?dominant?and colonizing powers?In China as well?translation has a long history?one in which translations?such as Buddhist texts?are so assimilated into Chinese culture that they are often indistinguishable from original Chinese writings?In today’s discourse in China , many translations of texts on globalization surreptitiously refer to other disciplines?requiring an interdisciplinary interpretive methodology to explore their meaning.

          As long as Chinese translation service ,the establishment of a new field during the late 1970s and 1980s was not easy?in European universities?translation had historically been subsumed under linguistics?philology?and literary studies. Scholars working in the new field had to continually define translation studies against other disciplines?establish their own research paradigms?and create their autonomous methodologies for analyzing translation phenomena?Such working conditions led to a fairly hermetic system?often skeptical of interdisciplinary collaborations?afraid of having their emerging field again subsumed by larger?better-established disciplines?

          Thus?many of the early translation studies scholars in Europe devoted themselves to descriptive studies?comparative analysis?and historical case studies?and sought to establish “norms” for translation activity?patterns or laws of translational behavior that would apply in a “universal” fashion?